4Q is a medical image analysis and tissue part recognition tool. It presents image data for viewing and analysis in an easy to use 4D format. Tissue parts are detected by edge detection of a part selected by you or a saccadic eye movement model. Location information is propagated to neighboring images for automatic segmentation of multi-image studies. The edge space I am using is defined by an article published by me in Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 37(3):418-24. 1997.
Tissue objects are labeled by creating a memory file and adding observations of part regions of interest. Observations for each label are added interactively by you. The computer will learn effectively from a relatively few observations. Object recognition discriminating power is proportional to the number of labeled observations you add. You can create as many memory files as you like.
SOFTWARE IS AVAILABLE IN THE APPLE APP STORE.
SEARCH FOR "4Q'.
The curves are automatically generated.
The object is recognized using a labeled set of multiple region observations.
You can display these as the 'brain" is being taught.
H. Ross Singleton holds a BS in Engineering Sciences Engineering from Purdue University and a MS in Bioengineering from The University of Michigan. He was also a Certified Systems Engineering Professional (CSEP) and held a Federal Enterprise Architect Certification (FEAC) while working on various projects for BellSouth, Ford, Army, IRS,
H. Ross Singleton holds a BS in Engineering Sciences Engineering from Purdue University and a MS in Bioengineering from The University of Michigan. He was also a Certified Systems Engineering Professional (CSEP) and held a Federal Enterprise Architect Certification (FEAC) while working on various projects for BellSouth, Ford, Army, IRS, and FAA. This software is based on work done by him at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in Cardiac NMR. His earlier work in Nuclear Cardiology produced Multiple Gated Acquisition (MUGA). This was based on insertion of computer device time markers into photon address streams from Anger (scintillation) cameras.
Moderator H. Ross Singleton:
hrsingleton@4qmedicalimaging.com
Ross: This software uses an edge detection algorithm that is very roughly analogous to the function of retinal neurons. On- center neurons corresponding to a pixel are surrounded by off-center neurons in the form of an annulus. Differences in action potential firing rates between these two types of neurons produce signals that can detect contrast. This edge detection algorithm statistically analyzes intensity values in an annulus of surrounding pixels to determine if there are two tissues in the annulus. The center pixel is then classified to one of the tissues based on its intensity.
It is also interesting to note that neurons are binary in the sense that they fire or don't fire. In the retina, firing rate is proportional to detected intensity.
Inspiration:
"Godel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid", Douglas R. Hofstadter
Winner of the Pulitzer Prize
A metaphorical fugue on minds and machines in the spirit of Lewis Carroll
"Consilience, the Unity of Knowledge", Edward O. Wilson
National Bestseller
"The Elements of Statistical Learning", Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, Jerome Friedman
Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction
Ross: A computer "brain" has been added that is implemented as a collection of neuron classes. A class being the fundamental computing entity. Input is messaged into grouped dendrites and output is messaged through a single axon. The first application uses a retina field of view to optimize edge detection sensitivity near the 2D tissue object location.
Ross: This computer vision process starts with human intervention. Next steps will aim at automatic tissue object recognition and labeling.
"DICOM® (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is the international standard to transmit, store, retrieve, print, process, and display medical imaging information.".
The current standard default raw data Transfer Syntax, Little Endian, is required to preserve the fidelity of 3D computer vision analysis. Other formats permitted are various forms of JPEG, JPIP, MPEG, HEVC, RLE, SMPTE, SPM2, ICBM... Some of this alphabet soup of formats can be converted to the default format using available tools with possible loss of fidelity.
The software used to create this example requires the following parameters in the DICOM metadata.
These parameters are not always present. It is incumbent on system manufacturers to include these parameters if true 3D computer vision can be achieved.
Laws & Regulations:
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act)
The FDA defines Software as a Medical Device (SaMD) to be "software intended to be used for one or more medical purposes that perform these purposes without being part of a hardware medical device."
SaMD may also:
21st Century Cures Act:
SEC. 3060. CLARIFYING MEDICAL SOFTWARE REGULATION.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 520 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 360j) is amended by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(o) REGULATION OF MEDICAL AND CERTAIN DECISIONS SUPPORT SOFTWARE.—
‘‘(1) The term device, as defined in section 201(h), shall not include a software function that is intended—
‘‘(D) for transferring, storing, converting formats, or
displaying clinical laboratory test or other device data and results, findings by a health care professional with respect to such data and results, general information about such findings, and general background information about such laboratory test or other device, unless such function is intended to interpret or analyze clinical laboratory test or other device data, results, and findings; or
‘‘(E) unless the function is intended to acquire, process, or analyze a medical image or a signal from an in vitro diagnostic device or a pattern or signal from a signal acquisition system, for the purpose of—
‘‘(i) displaying, analyzing, or printing medical information about a patient or other medical information (such as peer-reviewed clinical studies and clinical practice guidelines);
‘‘(ii) supporting or providing recommendations to a health care professional about prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease or condition; and
‘‘(iii) enabling such health care professional to independently review the basis for such recommendations that such software presents so that it is not the intent that such health care professional rely primarily on any of such recommendations to make a clinical diagnosis or treatment decision regarding an individual patient.
This software device does not include a software function intended for (D) or (E) above. It is not regulated under (o).
Further explanation:
REPORT ON RISKS AND BENEFITS TO HEALTH OF NON-DEVICE SOFTWARE
FUNCTIONS – December 2024
Executive Summary
Section 3060(a) of the 21st Century Cures Act (herein referred to as the Cures Act), enacted on
December 13, 2016 (Pub. L. 114-255), amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(herein referred to as the FD&C Act) to exclude certain medical software functions from the
definition of device under section 201(h) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 321(h)). These software
functions are specified in section 520(o)(1) of the FD&C Act and the intended uses of such
software functions can be summarized as follows: (1) administrative support of a health care
facility; (2) maintaining or encouraging a healthy lifestyle and unrelated to the diagnosis, cure,
mitigation, prevention, or treatment of a disease or condition; (3) serving as electronic patient
records when not intended to interpret or analyze patient records; (4) transferring, storing,
converting formats, or displaying data; or (5) unless interpreting or analyzing a clinical test or
other device data, providing certain types of limited clinical decision support to a health care
provider.
PRIVACY POLICY
Last updated 6/21/2019
Thank you for choosing to be part of my community. I am committed to protecting your personal information and your right to privacy. If you have any questions or concerns about my policy, or my practices with regards to your personal information, please contact me at hrsingleton@4qmedicalimaging.com.
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Personal information you disclose to me
I collect personal information that you voluntarily provide to me when expressing an interest in obtaining information about me or my products when participating in activities on the Sites (such as posting messages in my online forum) or otherwise contacting me.
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I will only keep your personal information for as long as it is necessary for the purposes set out in this privacy policy. No purpose in this policy will require me keeping your personal information for longer than 6 months.
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If you are resident in the European Economic Area and you believe I am unlawfully processing your personal information, you also have the right to complain to your local data protection supervisory authority. You can find their contact details here: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/bodies/authorities/index_en.htm
5. CONTROLS FOR DO-NOT-TRACK FEATURES
Most web browsers and some mobile operating systems and mobile applications include a Do-Not-Track (“DNT”) feature or setting you can activate to signal your privacy preference not to have data about your online browsing activities monitored and collected. No uniform technology standard for recognizing and implementing DNT signals has been finalized. As such, I do not currently respond to DNT browser signals or any other mechanism that automatically communicates your choice not to be tracked online. If a standard for online tracking is adopted that I must follow in the future, I will inform you about the practice in a revised version of this Privacy Policy.
6. DO I MAKE UPDATES TO THIS POLICY?
I may update this privacy policy from time to time. The updated version will be indicated by an updated “Revised” date and the updated version will be effective as soon as it is accessible. If I make material changes to this privacy policy, I may notify you either by prominently posting a notice of such changes or by directly sending you a notification. I encourage you to review this privacy policy frequently to be informed of how I am protecting information.
7. HOW CAN YOU CONTACT ME ABOUT THIS POLICY?
If you have questions or comments about this policy, you may email me at hrsingleton@4qmedicalimaging.com or by post to:
H. Ross Singleton
150 East Long Lake Road, Unit 7
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48304
United States
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